1. Weaving combs made from bone, dating from the early Iron Age (Devizes Museum, Wiltshire, England). Finds from the early phase of the Iron Age, corresponding to the 6th-century BC Hallstatt culture of Central and Western Europe, consist mainly of weapons and jewelry.
2. Funerary urn in the shape of a house with lid, dating to the 9th century BC, from the necropolis of Osteria dell'Orsa, near Rome, Italy. The Iron Age Villanovan culture that spread through Italy between the 10th and 8th centuries BC is characterized by greater skills in metallurgy and a gradual increase in the use of iron, as well as by the practice of cremation, in which ashes would be placed in an urn in the ground.
3. Tools of the Iron Age. Metallurgical knowledge and iron objects spread from Asia Minor around 1200 BC, reaching England around 700 BC. The new technology enabled the spread of cheap and durable metal tools and weapons – such as the hook, axe-head, and spearheads pictured here – as well as bringing with it new patterns of settlement. (Museum of London).
4. The salt industry played a major part in the economy of the Halstatt peoples, the earliest Iron Age culture in central Europe. An exceptionally rich cemetery was excavated at Hallstatt in the 19th century, revealing graves that spanned the transition period from Bronze to Iron Age. Objects of both metals were recovered, and stages in the evolution of the sword in both metals provided a relative chronology. Late Hallstatt chiefdoms are regarded as precursors of the Celtic hierarchical systems.
5. Alloy steel was produced by adding carbon during the smelting process.
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